Showing posts with label verbal apraxia. Show all posts
Showing posts with label verbal apraxia. Show all posts

Wednesday, December 18, 2013

How Danny Keefe Found His Voice - A Most Unusual Story

Danny at Apraxia Walk
By Jennifer Keefe

As a mother of four, my first job is to protect my children to ensure their safety, keep them happy and feel loved. With Danny, my instincts to protect are very different than how I want to protect his siblings.


Danny has childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) and was diagnosed at 3 years old. When asked how he compared to other children with CAS, I was told he was severely unintelligible. They didn't have to tell us that we already knew it as we had a very difficult time understanding him. Although his siblings could understand most of what he said and could help us out.

At home, Danny is treated just like his siblings. No special treatment just another member of the Keefe household. Sometimes I would forget he had trouble speaking and communicating clearly until we left the safety of our house and I would hear children younger than him speaking clearly. It was especially hard watching his younger cousins speak so clearly when he struggled so much. His cousins have always supported him, they say cousins become your first friends, we believe that.

I was afraid to send Danny to school for fear he would get picked on by classmates. It was so hard to let him go off to school when my instincts were telling me to hold on and protect him from potential hurt. I knew I had to send him, he needed it and was ready even if I wasn't.

His years in preschool went well. He made friends. We all felt safe. Then it was time for kindergarten. His first year was OK, some children questioned why he talked the way he did, did he speak Spanish and although they weren't picking on him, the words hurt Danny deeply. I still remember Christmas of 2012 when the biggest gifts he asked for was a world globe. When I asked Danny why he told me so he could show his classmates he was from America like them and not from another part of the world. He wanted them to know that was just like them. My heart broke. I couldn't stop this from happening to him. That year Santa brought him his globe and he was so happy!


Another thing happened that year is that Danny decided he was most comfortable in a suit and hat. He wears a suit seven days a week and walks with confidence, as he should!


This year, Danny repeated kindergarten, not just because of CAS, but it did play a role in our decision. This time, though, he would go four full days and one, half day, which meant he would be at school all day and have to go to recess and lunch. While he was very excited about this, I cringed. I knew for some children that these were times of the day when they should be carefree can sometimes be the worst part of their day.  For Danny that became true.

For the most part, he has more great lunches and recess outings than bad, but when they are bad he cries and I cry. Truly, as a mom, it is the most helpless feeling not to be there to protect your child from bad things happening to them. When he would come home upset we talked about it as a family and our motto was, "it doesn't matter what people think of you it only matters what you think of yourself." It was hard saying it when Danny's heart was breaking, but my husband and I believe this. We would also talk about all of the great people in his life.

One day Danny came home and told me how two little boys took his hat off, threw it and then proceeded to throw mulch in his hair. I was so angry - beyond words - and I wanted to march on that playground and speak to those little boys, but Danny looked at me - not even angry - and told me, 

"It doesn't matter what they do, Mom.  It only matters what I think of myself."  
What I didn't expect, but should have realized, was how these stories were also affecting his siblings. His oldest brother Tim was deeply upset by what was happening to his brother. Tim didn't tell us; he confided in his friends. The friends were so impressed that a six-year-old said that it didn't matter because it only matters what he thought of himself, that one 11-year-old boy started a movement.  The boy didn't know it at the time, he just wanted to support Danny and show Danny that he loved him by also wearing a suit and fedora to school. Then the word started to spread through the entire 5th grade football team that November 20, 2013 was going to be "Danny Keefe Awareness Day." There were 45 boys who came to school to show my son, Danny Keefe, that they love and support him.

My wish has come true.  Danny is protected and it doesn't always have to be just my husband and I, but that our community is also there to help him!



Since November 20th our lives have changed. Locally, schools are sponsoring Danny Awareness Days and everyone dresses in suits and hats. His story is being told in classrooms near and far. This story has been aired locally and nationally. Most recently, Danny sat across from and spoke with Ellen DeGeneris on The Ellen Show and then demonstrated to the world his famous dance moves. 


Even though Danny has Apraxia, Danny's voice is being heard by millions and I'm not afraid for him anymore - (well maybe a little)! He is one of the strongest, most self confident people that I know. We are so proud of him, our family, community and all of those people out there that have taken the time to reach out to us. We feel very blessed and lucky to have this support for our little Danny Keefe.  



As a mom it felt great that the lessons we were teaching actually were paying off, but I felt terrible that he had to endure even an ounce of pain. 

Thursday, December 13, 2012

Exploring New Treatment Methods for Childhood Apraxia of Speech

A study funded by CASANA was completed by Dr. Jonathan Preston, a researcher from Haskins Laboratories (www.haskins.yale.edu) and Southern Connecticut State University. The research involved using ultrasound (the same device used to obtain images of a fetus or heart) to provide a real-time visual display of the tongue. The ultrasound transducer is held under the chin, and the ultrasound images are then used to teach children how to move their tongue into different positions to produce certain speech movements. Speech-language pathologists can use this information to provide the child with cues about the tongue.

One advantage of using ultrasound biofeedback for children with persisting speech errors is that both the clinician and the child have more information about what the child is doing with the tongue when he or she speaks. Additionally, clinicians can provide more direct and explicit cues to the child, such as “move this part of your tongue up here,” and the child can readily see if the movement was produced properly.

Among the disadvantages of this approach are the cost of the equipment (the ultrasound probe costs about $5,500) and the need for clinicians to be trained in the approach.  Presently, only a few clinics in the country are using ultrasound biofeedback therapy. In general, children younger than 7-8 years are probably not good candidates for this type of therapy because it requires a great deal of focus and is not as “play-based” as some other therapy approaches.

The target group of children for this study was children who had speech errors that had not resolved by the age of 9 years.  Six children, ages 9-15, participated in the study for 18 therapy sessions. All children had been resistant to traditional treatment methods and were showing limited progress in their school-based speech therapy programs.  All of the participants in the study showed improvement in their speech sound accuracy on treated sounds, and all parents reported improved speech intelligibility.  Specifically, each child achieved 80% accuracy or higher on at least two treatment targets, and some children showed substantial generalization to sound patterns that were untreated.  Dr. Preston cautions that not all children necessarily respond equally well and that further research is needed. However, the use of ultrasound biofeedback therapy holds potential to become another tool in the toolbox for treatment of children with persistent speech errors.
 
Dr. Preston has recently applied for federal funding to continue to support this research.
 
[Note: CASANA research grants are made possible by funds generated by the Walk for Children with Apraxia]

Thursday, October 13, 2011

Telling Anna's Story

By David Ozab (Writer and father of a daughter with Apraxia)

I didn't plan on becoming a writer, but I have a story to tell. The story of a little girl who knew what she wanted to say but couldn't make the words come out right. It's a story you probably know and share—why else would you be reading this blog?

It's the story of a girl in search of her voice. Her name is Anna, and she has Childhood Apraxia of Speech.

It took us a while to realize there was something wrong, but about the time she turned two we started to suspect it. I remember one day in particular. My wife Julia and I had taken Anna to our local Gymboree studio for open gym when a little voice caught our ears.

"Help please, mommy."

We turned to see a small boy struggling to climb up the ladder behind Anna. His mom leaned down and gave him a boost.

"Thank you," he said as he climbed the rest of the way up the play structure set in the center of the multi-colored classroom.

"He's a beautiful little boy," Julia said.

"Thank you," his mom replied.

"How old is he?"

"Eighteen months."

The words hit as hard as if the play structure had collapsed on top of us. Eighteen months old and his speech was clear and fluent. Anna was seven months older and we couldn't understand her.

That's when we knew there was something wrong, but we didn't know what it was yet.
Now Anna has always been a smart, creative, and outgoing child. She was already recognizing a handful of sight words and communicating with us as best as she could. We practiced by writing words on her Magna Doodle:

C-A-T

"Meeeow." She couldn't say "cat" yet but we knew what she meant.

D-O-G

"Rffff." A bark.

P-I-G

"Doh, doh, doh." Her approximation of an oink.

She was obviously smart and she knew what she wanted to say. She tried to communicate with us, but we only understood her about ten percent of the time. Mostly she babbled to herself or her toys. Every so often, though, she would ask for something and we'd have no idea what she wanted. I remember one evening in particular when she walked in our living room and announced:

"Awaem oobie ees."

"What's that honey?" Julia asked.

"Awaem oobie ees."

"I have no idea," I said.

She made the sign for eat, putting her hand up to her mouth.

"Awaem oobie ees."

"Eat," Julia said. "Eat what?"

"Oobie."

"Oobie?" I asked.

"No," Anna replied. Her "no" was unmistakable. "No oobie, oobie."

Anna folded her arms in frustration. It was hard not to laugh at the gesture, but at the same time I felt so bad for her.

"It's something she wants to eat." Julia said.

Anna smiled and nodded. "Oobie."

"So it's food, two syllables?"

"Great," I said. "We're playing charades with a two year old."

"You're not helping.

"Sorry."

Anna put her hands on her hips. "Oobie ees." The hands on the hips were even cuter than the folded arms, but we kept our laughs to ourselves.

"Oo - bie ees?" Julia sounded out the words, grasping at each syllable as it passed over her lips.

I joined her. "Oo - bie ees."

Over and over we both said it. "Oo . . . bie . . . ees." Then it hit me.

"Cookie please?"

Anna smiled and nodded again. "Oobie ees." She sounded so happy.

Julia got up and got Anna the cookie while I smiled back at Anna. I was her hero for the moment, but before long I'd be that stupid grown-up who couldn't understand her.

It frustrated Julia and I as much as it frustrated Anna. We knew she was smart, we knew she understood us, yet she just wasn't able to say what she wanted to say.

Now this may sound strange, but we were fortunate that Anna had been born with a cleft lip. We took her to Doernbecher Children's Hospital in Portland for her surgery at four months old and returned annually for visits with the various members of their Cleft Team. Up to this point, we hadn't seen their Speech Language Pathologist, but given our concerns we made an appointment.

The SLP saw Anna twice—in April and then October of 2008. The diagnosis? Childhood Apraxia of Speech. The recommended treatment? Speech therapy, twice a week.

She began therapy right after her third birthday. When she started, she was all but unintelligible, but within the first year she made tremendous strides. By the time she turned four we could understand about 75% of what she said and total strangers got about half. She's progressed even farther since then, and though we still don't understand her all the time she is mostly understandable, even to strangers. She started kindergarten in September and has transitioned into a public school environment with no difficulties.

And now we want to give back, so we are participating in our first Apraxia walk in Salem, Oregon, this Saturday. Marcie Phillips organized the walk in honor of her three-year-old daughter, Addison, who is the same age Anna was when she began her therapy. We hope that our participation will help her and so many other kids facing the same struggle Anna has faced every day for the last few years: The struggle to be understood.

Every child deserves a voice.


Biography: David Ozab is currently editing and revising his first non-fiction book, A Smile for Anna, which tells the story of his daughter’s cleft diagnosis and surgery, her difficulties with speech, and her incredible outgoing spirit through it all. He is a Contributing Editor at About This Particular Macintosh and a Guest Contributor at MyEugene. His writing has been (or will be) featured such diverse publications as Chicken Soup for the Soul, Errant Parent, and Catholic Digest. He is a stay-at-home dad and blogs about parenting and life at Fatherhood Etc (http://www.fatherhoodetc.com/). He lives in Oregon with his wife Julia, his daughter Anna, and two lop rabbits named Jellybean and Oreo.

Links:
David Ozab: Writer http://www.davidozab.com/ Salem, Oregon
Apraxia Walk:
http://www.apraxia-kids.org/salemwalk/davidozab

Wednesday, September 28, 2011

Walking for Apraxia & Learning that THIS is OUR thing

By Kari Weed (SLP & mom of daughter with apraxia)

We had the walk last Sunday and it went unbelievably well! The day started out a little crazy. We woke up to downpours and threats of thunder and lightning. Bill and I decided we needed to change the park that we were originally planning on having the walk in, to a park with a shelter. We made some phone calls and then it went much better. The weather was okay, we had a huge turnout and as of date we have raised almost $10,000.00! My mom flew up for the walk, both of Bill's parents were there and his brother and sister. We had cousins, aunts and Lucy's Godmother and friends attend and were all decked out in our "I love Lucy" attire. It was wonderful! We felt so supported and I realized that there is a "village" that is cheering, supporting and loving Lucy! There were two experiences that day, that gave me goosebumps.


When I woke up that morning I was very proud of the money we had raised but felt that I wasn't sure if I would do it again next year. I don't like asking people for money, nowaday there are walks for everything and it took a lot of my time. But, then these experiences happened:

Experience #1

There was a 19 year old girl at the walk named Elizabeth. Elizabeth was at the walk with her mom and had joined a local team with out even knowing the kids. Elizabeth is 19, attending UW and has apraxia! She has been in therapy since she was 3, but did not get a diagnosis until she was in 2nd grade. Elizabeth's mom stated that she has been waiting for the northwest to finally recognize apraxia and they were so thankful to be there. I talked to Elizabeth and was intrigued by the way she talked. Her speech was in her throat, kind of like glottal sounds. It was different, but not too different. I found myself listening to her and praying that Lucy will talk that well someday! Her mom was so thankful and Elizabeth was very proud. She knew how hard she had worked and this group of people are the only ones who would understand that!

Experience #2

A dad walked up to me after the walk and asked if I was Kari Weed? I said "yes" and he said, "Thank you for organizing this walk, for the first time ever, I heard other children who speak like my son. Thank you." I had tears in my eyes by the time we were done talking.

Now we will be organizing this walk every year! After the walk was done and we cleaned up, some of our family came back to our house. We toasted with champagne, ate chicken wings and then crashed for a great nap! After nap time we again met with family and had a celebratory dinner. It was a wonderful day!

I have learned that yes there are walks for everything, but this is our thing. These parents and kids need a place to see that other families are dealing with the exact same issues. Our kids were celebrated that day. Our kids who get the dirty looks in restaurants when they scream a lot because they cannot talk; our kids who we all fear will never speak; our kids who we love so much and we would do anything to give them a voice. Yes, we will be planning this walk again next year because this is our thing.

Thank you everyone who supported us!

[Special Note: CASANA thanks the volunteer efforts of Kari Weed and all the Walk for Apraxia volunteers who dedicate their time to bring awareness to their communities, and so much more.  At the Walk for Apraxia you are among "your people", those who understand just what you are going through and share the struggle and the hope.  The Walk for Apraxia also raises important funding for programs and research.]

Friday, September 9, 2011

Triathlete Luke Farrell Takes on World and Speech Dyspraxia

Written by: Roy Elmer, Luke’s Grandfather

Please Note: Terminology used throughout this story, such as Speech Dyspraxia, is the same as Childhood Apraxia of Speech.

Triathlete, Luke Farrell, has had Speech Dyspraxia, SLI 5-6, since birth. Now 18, Luke is in his final year of school at Immanuel Lutheran College at Buderim on the Sunshine Coast. He also just received advice of another selection in the Australian team to compete at the World Junior Championships in Beijing, China in September 2011. He is widely regarded as an outstanding young man and a rising talent in the junior elite level Triathlon in Australia and internationally.

LUKE’S EARLY LIFE—A ROUGH RIDE.
At the age of four years, while living in Brisbane, Australia, Luke had not begun to speak and was diagnosed by a government department psychologist as having autism spectrum disorder. At this departmental officer’s direction, he was transferred from his local kindergarten to a “special” preschool, attended by children with serious disabilities. Luke was surrounded by youngsters with serious developmental and behavioral problems and had some disturbing experiences. These experiences created great angst for his parents regarding the short and long term effects. His parents made several approaches to the Education Department to sanction withdrawal or transfer, but nothing was achieved.

Once Luke reached primary school age, he was sent to a “special education unit” at the Mt. Gravatt East primary school in Brisbane. This brought new challenges for Luke, struggling to separate the teacher’s voice from other sounds in his surrounding environment and unable to comprehend the lessons. In attempt to cover this, he began to imitate other student’s reactions and behaviors, only to mask further the true nature of his problem. As time progressed, his family became aware that the only appropriate intervention he was receiving was one half hour every fortnight of speech therapy. His tuition time was shared with six other students and other lessons/services provided to Luke were of no benefit. His parents saw him being prepared solely for a life of limited expectations as a disabled person.

A GLIMMER OF LIGHT.
Luke’s first signs of an improved prognosis appeared only after he had the good fortune of being referred to Jane Remington-Gurney for speech therapy. Jane runs a company called “Options” Communication and Speech Therapy, operating at the cutting edge of the science of her profession. Upon the first meeting and subsequent consultation processes with Luke, Jane diagnosed Luke's condition as Verbal Dyspraxia, a disability presented as a speech language impairment, SLI 5-6, and a hearing and comprehension difficulty. Following Jane's diagnosis, Luke was referred to Dr. Ross, a specialist in Autism disorder and president of the Autism Association in Australia. At this consultation, Dr. Ross agreed with Jane’s diagnosis in which Autism was eliminated and Verbal Dyspraxia, SLI 5-6, was confirmed.

PATHWAY FORWARD.
Luke's parents were determined to give him, for the rest of his school life, the opportunity to keep in touch with his own peer group by finding and establishing his own level in his future. Their hopes were pinned on the private school sector, combined with continual monitoring and guidance from his speech therapist, Jane. The next step was to find a private school willing and able to accept the challenge of providing Luke a place in one of their classrooms as well as a meaningful education. Finding it proved to be very difficult as their search extended beyond Brisbane. It was not resolved until the principal at Immanuel Lutheran College, Buderim, called a meeting of the staff members who would be involved in delivering Luke’s education program. They accepted the challenge and for the first time Luke enrolled at Grade 3 to a normal classroom. The very next day the family relocated to the Sunshine Coast. This was an enormous dislocation for Luke’s parents who were faced with many challenges, including selling the family home and managing their Brisbane based business from 100 kilometers away.

Although it was understood that given the delayed start to education proper, Luke would have significant hurdles to overcome to graduate from high school. Guidelines were put in place to ensure minimum targets were achieved for Luke to have the ability to interact with other members of mainstream society, to have a positive self-image, and sufficient life skills to make his way in life. Happily, this target has been surpassed with already several bonus outcomes. Luke’s easy going nature attracted friendships essential to peer group acceptance. His shy but honest modesty following his successes with his sporting endeavors reflected credit on his school and firmed up his friendships, all of which are fertile ground for the formation of a healthy self-image and self-esteem.

SPORT—THE KEY TOWARDS NORMAL LIFE.
The role that Luke’s participation in sport has played in his progress towards a normal lifestyle is impossible to ignore. At the age of thirteen, after watching a televised triathlon event, Luke announced he was going to become a triathlete. Although he had never owned a bike or displayed any particular talent for running, he did not regard this as an obstacle. His parent’s only reaction was by providing encouragement, support and opportunity. That year, Luke entered the Mooloolaba Triathlon in the "come and try" series. This proved to be the most enjoyable experience in which he competed successfully. In the next four years, Luke’s progress displayed a rise through district, regional, and Queensland representative levels as he participated in state teams that won the Australian team’s championship, and then the honor of representing Australia in a triathlon. Luke appeared to make a quick and smooth transition from a “nobody” to “a big time somebody.” Nothing could be further from the truth.

In late 2008, Luke, who was only 15-years-old at the time, was producing impressive performances in the Gatorade age group events held in Queensland. As a result, he was contacted by the Triathlon Australia and with only one week’s notice to the first event, he was advised to compete in the South Australian, West Australian and ACT Triathlon State, under 19 age group, Sprint Championships. These races formed part of the selection trials for the Australian team to compete in the World Triathlon Sprint, under 19 age group, Championship. Luke finished first in Gleneg, South Australia; and second in both Rockingham, West Australia and Canberra. ACT. After returning home, Luke competed in the remaining events, winning the “Gatorade” series in his age group in Queensland, across six triathlons at different venues. These performances had been the reason for his gaining selection in the Australian team for his first time.

Following his results in special trials, he received advice from the Queensland Academy of Sport that he was an automatic selection in the Triathlon Queensland Junior Emerging Triathlon Squad (JETS). Shortly after, he also received advice from Triathlon Australia of his selection for their 2XU National Junior Development Camp. He was advised that his selection was based on his “Commitment, Attitude and Performance” and importantly, his “potential to become an elite athlete.” He would receive this invitation again in 2011.

In 2009, 16-year-old Luke was one of the youngest triathletes selected to represent Australia at his first ever World Junior, under 19 age group, Sprint Triathlon Championships on the Gold Coast. He finished in eleventh position in a field of 57, under 19 age group, competitors from around the world. After outstanding performances in 2010 state and national competitions and selection trials, he again achieved selection in the Australian Team for the 2010 World Junior Spring, under 19 age group, Triathlon Championships held in Budapest, Hungary. The domestic season finished in mid-March so Luke had only six months of training with no competition until the race itself in September. Despite these conditions, Luke finished in fourth place.

After resuming from his rest period after Budapest in late 2010, Luke competed and finished seventh place in his first elite Open Men’s triathlon event, the Queensland Triathlon Gatorade No. 1 race. From there he went on to achieve his third consecutive win, blitzing the field by a full two minutes, in the Queensland Triathlon “All Schools” 2010 championships. In 2011, he finished in second place at the Open Men’s event for the Gatorade No. 2 race at Robina on the Gold Coast, followed by a win in the Gatorade Bribie Island Junior, under 17 age group, Triathlon. Both proved to be just a warm-up for the Triathlon Australia, under 19 age group, championship held at Canberra in which he discovered his racing bike had a crack in its frame just before leaving. He still managed to finish second place at the 2011 Australian Championship event on a borrowed bike.

Over the next few months, Luke learned about the impact of illness on training and competition performance. He suffered a series of health challenges, including an ear infection, a virus and ultimately bronchial pneumonia, losing 5kg of body weight. Luke’s training load and competition schedule were reduced and he displayed great courage in persevering, especially with team events. Although the past few months have been a little quieter as a result of his ill-health, the exciting news is Luke’s selection again for the 2011 World Junior, under 19 age group, Triathlon Sprint Championship to be held in Beijing, China.

Luke’s support group is happy with his progress, despite the setback caused by his untimely illness. He is considered to be on track with his goal of life as a professional triathlete. After returning from a necessary rest period ordered by his coach, Luke entered the Hervey Bay “Olympic Distance” Triathlon to record a base time to qualify for future major events; Luke finished in fifth place in this Open Men’s competition. While there, Luke found himself competing against one of his idols, Courtney Atkinson. They talked after the event and instantly became friends. Today, their friendship continues by keeping in touch through Facebook. It is Luke’s sporting achievements that have opened doors to conversations like this, which were never dreamed of in those difficult early years.

TIME TO MAKE A DECISION ON A FUTURE LIFE.
After Luke finishes school in late October 2011, he will begin life as a semi-professional triathlete until he achieves his license as a professional. He will then be nearing the end of his third year of a four-year Operational and Strategic plan, put together by his family support group who were drawn together by Luke’s determination to succeed. He also aims to be a professional coach of these skills later in life, a remarkable ambition for a lad with Verbal Dyspraxia. Luke’s story reveals great strength of character, dedication and determination to succeed. His diagnosed medical condition is incurable, however Luke has used his sporting experience and successes to throw off its shackles and earn the admiration and respect of his peer group, both at school, in sport, and in the broader community. He has not cured himself of his condition, but has learned to “live with it.”

His appointment as captain of the Sunshine Coast Secondary schools regional team in 2011 indicates the respect he has earned from the regional team’s management. The team members and other competitors accept him into the peer group unconditionally and as a teenager living with Verbal Dyspraxia, Luke is immensely proud of his achievement in making his first public speech on accepting the trophy on behalf of his team.

In his short eighteen years to date, Luke Farrell has trodden over more obstacles, overcome more fears and moved further beyond his comfort zone than many people are asked to do in a lifetime. The simple act of mixing with his peers and fellow athletes who enjoy fluent communication skills has tapped his reserves of intestinal fortitude, and his peers’ lives have in turn been enriched as they have come to grips with communicating with Luke. Luke hopes his story, which basically comes down to accepting his situation, learning to cope with it as best he can, looking to his strengths, and getting on with life, will offer hope and support to individuals, parents or families facing similar challenges.

For more information go to Luke’s Website: http://www.lukefarrell.com.au/

E-mail: roy@lukefarrell.com.au

Monday, August 1, 2011

Truth or Misleading? “Children with Apraxia of Speech Make Very Slow Progress”

The Childhood Apraxia of Speech Association of North America (CASANA), along with members of its Professional Advisory Board, has engaged in discussion about the misleading impression that children with apraxia of speech make very slow progress in speech therapy. Some children are diagnosed with Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS) by speech-language pathologists who are using “slow progress” as the differential characteristic of the disorder. Is it true that children with CAS make very slow progress in therapy? Here is what we think:
  • Children with apraxia of speech often make slower progress than children with other types of speech sound disorders. (Note: slower than other types of disorders; not slow in and of itself)
  • Children suspected to have CAS but who make very rapid progress in speech therapy that generalizes easily to new contexts, both in and outside of the therapy room, most likely have a phonological disorder and NOT CAS..
  • With appropriate goals, informed by detailed assessment – AND – appropriate, well executed speech therapy that incorporates principles of motor learning, children with apraxia of speech can be expected to make good, steady progress in therapy, especially those with age appropriate or near age appropriate cognitive and language skills.
  • Both parents and SLPs should not blindly accept that, “progress will be or is slow because the child has apraxia.”
Discussion:

Speech progress may be very slow, even with appropriate planning and therapy, when other co-existing problems add to the challenges, including delayed cognition and/or receptive language, poor attention or behavior, and other significant speech diagnoses such as dysarthria. Additionally, children with CAS who are in poor health and not able to take full advantage of the learning and practice opportunities available to them, may demonstrate very slow progress in speech production skills.

With appropriate goals and intervention, parents of children with apraxia as the primary diagnosis should expect progress in their child’s use of intelligible words within a three-month period. (Children with apraxia plus other complex challenges likely will have more limited progress.)  If this progress does not occur for a child whose primary diagnosis is CAS, an SLP should consider the following questions:

  • Is the diagnosis correct?
  • Are the goals and stimuli appropriate?
  • Are there additional diagnoses that should be considered, in addition to CAS?
  • If there are other diagnoses, is one of them really the bigger challenge to the child’s speech production skills?
  • Is the intensity of speech practice, both in therapy and at home, sufficient?
  • Is the frequency of direct speech intervention sufficient?
Remember that although speech progress can be slower for children with apraxia than it is for children with other speech problems, there should be noticeable and ongoing progress in the child’s ability to independently produce intelligible words. While their words may not be “perfect”, one can observe increased movement toward intelligibility. Parents will want to be in contact with their SLP to discuss expectations and what modifications the SLP will make if progress is not being made.

Friday, July 1, 2011

Is the iPad Worth It?

By Kim Singleton, M.S., CCC-SLP

Are you considering an iPad for your family with an eye on the benefits for your child with apraxia? Do you have an iPad and are not sure how to maximize its positive effects? How can you justify spending the bucks on such a cool toy for your family or school? The iPad provides an accessible, portable, dynamic and exciting playground for children with apraxia. In fact, this technology has benefits that other technologies and therapy activities lack. The iPad’s small size and weight (1.3 lbs.,) touch screen, fast load time, numerous applications and high quality audio recording capabilities merge to have a potentially huge impact on communication success.

As we know, children with apraxia have some common characteristics. For example, they benefit from opportunities to practice target sound sequences frequently. Our children do best when their experiences alternate between high and low communication demands. Accurate and supportive feedback speeds up speech learning. Children with apraxia benefit from feeling our cues as well as hearing and seeing cues to encourage understandable speech. Thoughtful use of the iPad can address these distinctive needs and be part of a solution to help our children reach their potential.

Does your child hate to practice speech sequences over and over? Often, this repetitive practice is hard work, with no intrinsic communicative value and children resist. With a motivating ‘app’ and quickly alternating turns, the iPad can encourage your child to practice, practice, and practice without distress.

With the iPad you can easily switch between activities with little time or preparation. This feature allows the users to rotate between activities with ease. It is easy to switch from verbal to nonverbal activities, alternating the communication demands. By using proficient skills, practicing emerging skills and learning new skills alternatively, our child with apraxia is anchored in success while risking more difficult sound sequences.

The iPad can provide feedback and cues to our child. Some apps cheer, clap or even groan! With the iPad’s built-in microphone and speakers, children can hear and compare their own sound productions with that of a stable auditory model. And it sounds fabulous! With the vast number of applications available, the iPad can provide visual cues that are motivating and high quality. With some practice [and a sturdy hand], the adult can incorporate tactile and kinesthetic cues while sharing an iPad activity.

Still not sure about the iPad? Then consider the iPod Touch. It is less than half the price and very light weight [.2 lbs]. Its size can make sharing an experience a bit more difficult but certainly worth considering. One last note, I have no investment, financial or otherwise, in Apple or any of its subsidiaries!


[View Kim using an iPad in therapy for a child with apraxia of speech]





[Kim Singleton, M.S., CCC-SLP has extensive experience serving children and adults with complicated communication challenges. She specializes in providing treatment to individuals with autism spectrum disorders, childhood apraxia of speech, and clients using augmentative and alternative communication systems. She serves individuals through her private practices in the Philadelphia and upstate South Carolina areas. For more information on Kim, please visit her website at http://www.kimsingleton.com]

Tuesday, May 31, 2011

What the Research Says: The Importance of Production Frequency in Therapy for Children with Apraxia of Speech


The American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology recently published an article titled, “The Importance of Production Frequency in Therapy for Children with Apraxia of Speech (CAS).” The research was conducted by Denice Edeal and Christina Gildersleeve-Neumann from Portland State University. Their research question was to determine whether or not more practice of speech targets would lead to better performance by children with CAS within a speech therapy session and if more practice would lead to better “generalization” (increased performance on words that were not involved in the child’s training).

Because the hallmark feature of CAS is faulty speech motor planning and programming, it is theorized that using variables or principles from the professional literature on other types of motor learning may be advantageous in the treatment for CAS. Clinical practice as well as a growing body of research seems to bear out those ideas. Speech-language pathologists (SLPs) who are successful in treatment for children with apraxia often state that these children, in particular, need more INTENSIVE speech therapy. In this instance, intensive refers to the degree of practice the child receives within the individual speech therapy session. In citing leading researchers on motor learning, the author’s write, “Schmidt and Lee propose amount of practice is a key variable in motor learning. They suggest that the more practice opportunities an individual has, the better the individual’s performance of a motor task will be, which in turn lead to greater learning of these motor tasks.” Overall, more productions of speech targets by the child equals a greater degree of intensity.

In addition to considering the question of intensity of speech practice opportunities, the researchers decided to use an “integral stimulation” therapy method that is consistent with the Schmidt and Lee theories and the principles of motor learning. Dynamic Temporal and Tactile Cueing (DTTC) is a modification of the integral stimulation method used in the treatment of adult apraxia of speech. DTTC has been adapted for use with children, specifically children with a diagnosis of apraxia of speech. Multisensory cueing (visual, verbal, tactile, auditory, etc.) and other strategies such as a slowed rate of production are used within a hierarchical framework in order to target syllables, words or phrases, depending on the child’s current level of functioning. An SLP can move up or down the hierarchy depending on the child’s “real time” level of performance.
In Edeal & Gildersleeve-Neuman’s research, they created an experiment in which two children with apraxia each received two conditions of practice in each session. One condition was called “moderate frequency” in which, through the DTTC therapy approach, 30 to 40 speech productions were elicited from the child. The other condition, using the same DTTC method of therapy, was called “high frequency” in which 100 to 150 speech targets were elicited during that segment. In the course of a session, each child received 15 minutes of moderate frequency and 15 minutes of high frequency practice. Different types of speech targets were used in each condition so that the effect of each condition could be evaluated.

Results

Regarding the overall therapy approach, the researchers found that an integral stimulation approach to speech therapy (DTTC), which incorporates principles of motor learning, benefitted both children. One child’s consonant accuracy rose nearly 50 percent in 11 weeks. The other child’s intelligibility rose 11 percent in five weeks.

Regarding the moderate versus high frequency condition of practice, the researchers found that both children benefitted more from the high frequency practice than they did the moderate frequency practice. The speech targets treated in the high frequency condition led to increased in-session accuracy as well as greater generalization to untrained targets. In addition to the improved in-session accuracy and generalization with higher frequency practice, the authors point out that this same practice demonstrated the accuracy could be achieved in fewer sessions. Furthermore, targets that received treatment in the high frequency condition were more stable and accurate from session to session compared to speech targets trained with the moderate frequency condition.

The Bottom Line

The results reported in the Edeal and Gildersleeve-Neumann study are very encouraging yet have limitations. First of all, the number of reported subjects was very small. Secondly, subjects had some variability in the length of their treatment. Issues such as the motivation of the child may also enter into the mix. However, on the positive end, this report confirms other studies in which multi-sensory therapies such as DTTC, which incorporate the principles of motor learning, are effective methods to treat a difficult disorder like CAS. Keep in mind to aim for the following in speech therapy sessions:
  • A high degree of direct practice of speech targets. A child should have dozens and dozens of speech productions during each therapy session. A child that is saying or attempting little in a speech therapy session will not likely make progress like a child who is able to have a high degree of practice opportunities.

  • Therapy approaches that incorporate principles of motor learning may be key to progress for children with a primary diagnosis of apraxia of speech.

  • It is worth mentioning that children with apraxia of speech should work on actual speech during speech therapy. This is consistent with motor learning theory which suggests that to improve performance for a particular task, one should practice that specific task.
Source: Edeal, DM and Gildersleeve-Neumann, CE. The Importance of Production Frequency in Speech Therapy for Childhood Apraxia of Speech. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology. May 2011, Vol. 20, 95 – 110.

© 2011 by the Childhood Apraxia of Speech Association of North America (CASANA). All Rights Reserved.

Thursday, July 9, 2009

Ask the Expert - Dr. Kathy Jakielski

We are at the National Apraxia Conference and spent some time asking one of our speakers, Dr. Kathy Jakielski several questions from parents on the Apraxia-KIDS website.

Question: In a Child that presents with both oral and verbal apraxia, what is more important to treat first, the oral or the verbal apraxia?

"If the oral apraxia is such that it is affecting a child's feeding or nutrition, then certainly that should be addressed right away! I would treat the feeding issues in a feeding context. If closing lips to drink is an issue due to oral apraxia, then practicing drinking with a cup (the actual task) would, in my mind, be appropriate. The child should practice doing whatever "oral" skill is needed vs. unrelated oral movements. The same is true of speech apraxia. Speech apraxia should also be treated by working on actual speech. One does not get "treated" before the other. If there is no "functional" problem that the child experiences from the oral apraxia, then working intensively just on speech would be the direction that I would take. I would always be working on the speech, not "waiting. It is not a question of which one would be first then next."